Research

Phase-change memory (also known as PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory, Chalcogenide RAM and C-RAM) is a type of non-volatile computer memory. PRAMs exploit the unique behavior of chalcogenide glass. Heat produced by the passage of an electric current switches this material between two states, crystalline and amorphous. Recent versions can achieve two additional distinct states, effectively doubling their storage capacity. PRAM is one of several new memory technologies competing in the non-volatile role with the almost universal flash memory. The latter technology has a number of practical problems which these replacements hope to address.

The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a high-level language developed by Gary Kildall in 1972 for Intel for its microprocessors.

Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM or FRAM[1]) is a random access memory similar in construction to DRAM but uses a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric layer to achieve non-volatility. FeRAM is one of a growing number of alternative non-volatile memory technologies that offer the same functionality as Flash memory. FeRAM advantages over Flash include: lower power usage, faster write performance[2] and a much greater maximum number (exceeding 1016 for 3.3 V devices) of write-erase cycles. Disadvantages of FeRAM are much lower storage densities than Flash devices, storage capacity limitations, and higher cost.

TUTOR (also known as PLATO Author Language) is a programming language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign around 1965. TUTOR was initially designed by Paul Tenczar for use in computer assisted instruction (CAI) and computer managed instruction (CMI) (in computer programs called "lessons") and has many features for that purpose. For example, TUTOR has powerful answer-parsing and answer-judging commands, graphics, and features to simplify handling student records and statistics by instructors.

SETL (SET Language) is a very-high level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets. It was originally developed by Jack Schwartz at the NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s.

B is a programming language that was developed at Bell Labs. It is almost extinct, as it was replaced with the C language. It was mostly the work of Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie, and first appeared circa 1969.

REFAL is symbol objects manipulating language: such as texts, formulae, programs etc. REFAL-program consists of functions which can define each other, i.e. in recursive mode. Hence its name follows: REcursive Functions Algoritmic Language.

MAPPER (MAintain, Prepare, and Produce Executive Reports) is a database management and reporting system that includes the world's first 4GL. Developed in-house by the UNIVAC Division of Sperry Corporation, MAPPER's heritage dates back to the 1960s when Louis Schlueter conceived the CRT RPS (Report Processing System, to differentiate it from RPG) as a means to help Sperry/Univac manage disparate activities involved with coordinating hardware and software development, with identifying and meeting requirements for new systems, and with maintaining existing systems.

DiBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, which is well-suited for Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. It has a syntax similar to FORTRAN and BASIC, along with BCD arithmetic. It shares the COBOL program structure of data and procedure divisions.

XPL is a dialect of the PL/I programming language, developed in 1967, used for the development of compilers for computer languages. It was designed and implemented by a team with William McKeeman, James J. Horning, and David B. Wortman at Stanford University and the University of California, Santa Cruz. It was first announced at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, California.