Research

Introduction Dr. Gary Kildall's operating system called CP/M is likely 35 years old as of 2009. That is based on a "fall of 1974" reference by Kildall to get Dr. John Torode to provide a working floppy controller to run his software on real hardware. During 1975 there were announcements and discussions of CP/M as a product in a new but popular computer magazine called "Dr. Dobb's Journal". Dr. Kildall and his company, Digital Research Inc., sold CP/M and subsequent operating systems and development tools into the 1990's, until the company was acquired by a series of other companies. As of 2006 the current owners of the DRI licenses including CP/M is DR-DOS Inc. Kildall died in 1994.

In mid-1994, Silicon Graphics founder Jim Clark collaborated with Marc Andreessen to found Mosaic Communications (later renamed to Netscape Communications.) Andreessen had just graduated from the University of Illinois, where he had been the leader of a certain software project known as "Mosaic". By this time, the Mosaic browser was starting to make splashes outside of the academic circles where it had begun, and both men saw the great potential for web browsing software. Within a brief half-year period, many of the original folk from the NCSA Mosaic project were working for Netscape, and a browser was released to the public.

Unix Apple Microsoft Processors Hardware Software Networking Games Culture 1968 July: Intel formed by Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, & Andy Grove # # June: US Patent 3,387,286 awarded to Dr. Robert Dennard, of IBM Research Center, for Dynamic RAM # Dec.: Douglas Engelbart drives the "Mother of All Demos", demonstrating the wooden mouse (see movie), cutting & pasting (see movie), hypertext, dynamic file linking, & shared-screen collaboration # June: FCC compels AT&T to allow customers to connect non-Western Electric equipment to the telephone network # Hot Wheels introduced # 1968

As the popularity of the Internet increases, people become more aware of its colossal potential. The World-Wide Web (WWW) is a product of the continuous search for innovative ways of sharing information resources. This paper describes some of the historical aspects of the World-Wide Web development, as well as the alternative methods of universal information sharing through hypertext, such as the Xanadu project. The basic structure of the WWW and the Xanadu system is also discussed, in order to illustrate the general nature of global information networks.

The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), or Software Development Life Cycle in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering, is the process of creating or altering systems, and the models and methodologies that people use to develop these systems. The concept generally refers to computer or information systems. Emphasis on this article (SDLC) is on man-made technological life-cycle. But there are many other life-cycle models to choose from. This includes ecological life cycles, for every life cycle, whether biological or technological, has a beginning and an end.

The FORTRAN computer programming language was designed to fulfill the needs of 1950's era computer hardware and numerical models. Modern hardware, numerical methods, and programming styles share little with those of the 1950's, and demand new tools, not incremental refinements of old ones.

Articles about the history of programming from the earliest known programmable machines were Al-Jazari's programmable Automata in 1206 , Von Neumann architecture and some listed below:

A command-line interface (CLI) is a mechanism for interacting with a computer operating system or software by typing commands to perform specific tasks. This text-only interface contrasts with the use of a mouse pointer with a graphical user interface (GUI) to click on options, or menus on a text user interface (TUI) to select options. This method of instructing a computer to perform a given task is referred to as "entering" a command: the system waits for the user to conclude the submitting of the text command by pressing the "Enter" key (a descendant of the "carriage return" key of a typewriter keyboard). A command-line interpreter then receives, parses, and executes the requested user command. The command-line interpreter may be run in a text terminal or in a terminal emulator window as a remote shell client such as PuTTY. Upon completion, the command usually returns output to the user in the form of text lines on the CLI. This output may be an answer if the command was a question, or otherwise a summary of the operation.

This is a list of programming languages grouped by category. Some languages are listed in multiple categories.

Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently ("in parallel"). There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multicore processors.